Human Evolution Essay,Human And Human Evolutions : The Evolution Of Humans
WebFor the human evolution, the essay will be addressing on how we and other species descended from our ancestors and how the different environment has helped to us to WebEssay on the Mistakes in Evolutionary Thinking. Essay # 1. Introduction to Human Evolution: The discovery of new fossils, the sequencing of the human genome, and the WebHumans have existed on Earth for approximately million years. The oldest known human ancestor is "Lucy," an Australopithecus. Over this extensive period of time, WebOne of America’s most celebrated scientists and writer, Edward O. Wilson, in his passage, The Fitness of Human Nature, demonstrates that genes and culture connect to the WebHuman Evolution. Evolution is the complexity of processes by which living organisms established on earth and have been expanded and modified through theorized changes ... read more
boisei, found only in eastern Africa. The robust australopithecines represent a specialized adaptation because their principal difference from other australopithecines lies in the large size of their chewing teeth, jaws, and jaw muscles. Until recently, Homo erectus was considered an evolutionary ancestor of modern humans, or Homo sapiens. Homo erectus had a larger brain than earlier hominines. Homo erectus was also a taller, with an evenly face and smaller tooth. Scientists believe this species lived in Africa between 2 million and 1. habilis is the earliest known member of the genus Homo. habilis had a larger brain than australopithecines.
Australopithecines had long arms and short legs, similar to the limbs of apes. Even, H. habilis were similar modern humans with its limbs and small body size relative to its height. habilis had smaller molars teeth and a less raised face than earlier Hominines. habilis was taller than australopithecines, but shorter than Homo erectus. sapiens are not identical in aspect with modern humans. sapiens sapiens, first appeared more than 90, years ago. Creationists say that human ancestors were not apes. They were always humans, although they were smarter and larger than humans are today. Evolutionary theory is a myth. God created everything. People that believe in creationism say that if man descended from ape-like creatures, then humans should be like them.
Yet humans have very different DNA. The number of vertebrae in our backbone is different. Human cranial capacity is totally different. No evidence is available about human remains from earlier times, which support evolutionary theory. Sometimes people lived in caves for a time until they could become settled in homes. There is evidence that ancient people lived in homes at the same time that others were living under trees or in caves. The theory of evolution is the most reasonable theory today. The creationist theory is only written and the evolutionary theory is actual living proof that humans did evolve from apes and why the environmental adaptations have made humans the dominant creatures on earth.
In the course of time a split occurred between humans and apes, both have some similar characteristics and that explains humans evolving from type of ancient ape. Essays Find a Tutor. APA MLA Harvard Vancouver Essay Examples. November Human Evolution. Copy to Clipboard Reference Copied to Clipboard. Human Evolution [Internet]. Related essays: Human Evolution and the Fossil Record Evolution — Explanatory Theories II Multi-regional continuity: the fossil evidence Evolution Vs Religion Culture and History of African Creation vs. Evolution Graduation Speech: Welcome To J. Wesley Anderson Essay How To Write A Speech On Orthodontics African Americans versus The Social Sciences The Human Brain Essay Examples Early african societies World history paper.
Metabolically, the brain is a very expensive organ. Such an expense does not come without important evolutionary tradeoffs. Also, the increased brain size pose and still does pose difficult problems for mothers who must squeeze such a large structure through the pelvis and vagina during childbirth. Two cultural inventions altered the environment for amh. The first was the domestication of certain animal species. A few human populations no longer had to hunt for meat. The second invention was agriculture.
It is thought that agriculture-was developed sometime around 10, ya, probably independently in several different areas of the world. But the pattern of its discovery and diffusion is unclear. No matter. The end result was the same— agriculture limited the nomadic wandering of some human populations. They had to stay in a single geographical area to plant, tend, and harvest crops. It is assumed that agricultural populations increased in number. This had two important effects. First, some agricultural populations migrated into the adjacent areas occupied by hunter-gatherer societies. Because the agriculturists grew in size while the population size of their hunter-gatherer neighbours remained stable, the number of agriculturists would eventually overwhelm the hunter-gatherers.
The second effect of population growth under agriculture was an elaboration of social roles. As the technology of raising crops improved, it was no longer necessary for everyone to toil in the fields. The result was an integrated web of codependent roles and occupations, leading to the development of cities and what we now call civilization, the first evidence of which appeared 5, ya. The archeological record clearly shows that civilization did not start in one place and then spread unchecked throughout the world. Civilization appeared here and there in a series of starts and stops and not from a slow, inexorable diffusion from a single central origin.
In a manner still obscure to science, civilizations develop in an area, flourish, and disappear. Indeed, the reasons for change in civilizations are some of the greatest mysteries facing social science. Essay 3. Theories of Human Evolution: The first theory is termed the multiregional hypothesis regional continuity hypothesis and is espoused by some physical anthropologists. This view holds that Homo erectus populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia underwent convergent evolution and with sufficient gene flow among the geographically separated populations, jointly evolved into amh.
Convergent evolution occurs when different populations face similar selection pressures that lead to the same adaptive response. Development of the fin in fishes and in whales is a classic example in which two very different types of organisms evolved a similar mechanism for swimming through water. Applied to humans, the need to seek shelter from temperature extremes is the same as the world-over and could—in theory at least—lead to selection for the increased cognitive skills to build those shelters. Few, if any, advocates of the multiregional hypothesis hold that convergent evolution alone is responsible for the worldwide anatomical similarity of modern humans.
Some gene flow is required among geographically separated populations. Theorists posit that there was a sufficient amount of human migrations and mate exchanges between adjacent populations to permit H. Erectus populations to evolve in similar directions. In this way, mutant but beneficial alleles that originated in Africa could eventually spread to other regions of the Old World. The multiregional hypothesis holds that the descendants of Homo erectus are our direct ancestors. Anatomically modern humans are the result of some beneficial mutations that caused an increase in population size. Subsequent migrations and interbreeding with extant groups of Homo erectus in different regions of the world spread these mutations. According to this view, Neanderthals were not a different species of hominids that became extinct.
Instead, generations of matings between the Neanderthals and the more gracile variant, coupled with a selective advantage for the genes of the gracile variant, resulted in a change in the mean of a continuous distribution of skeletal dimensions. The second theory has been dubbed the Garden of Eden or GOE hypothesis. The name of this theory has little to do with the accounts of creation given in the Judaic- Christian tradition. Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome are in many ways ideal for studying human evolution because they are passed intact from mother to child or from father to son Y chromosome and do not recombine as the DNA on the autosomal chromosomes do. This form of transmission has the mathematical implication that in some very ancient ancestral population, all but one of the mitochondrial variants will eventually die out.
After all, the mitochondria of a mother who has only sons will die out as will the Y chromosome of a male who has only daughters. Somewhere in this time period, a single woman lived from whom all current mtDNA is derived. A man also lived during this time and gave rise to all variants of the Y chromosome seen today. Contrary to popular misconception, this Eve and Adam are not the ancestors of all modern humans. They are the ancestors of only our mitochondrial DNA and the DNA on the Y chromosome. Many other individuals contributed to the DNA in our autosomal chromosomes. According to the GOE hypothesis, amh originated somewhere in Africa between 50, and , ya.
The African origin is suggested by the observation that genetic variation is greatest in contemporary African populations. This ancestral population was possibly a new species of Homo that grew in size and migrated—possibly more than once—out of Africa and into the Middle East. One hallmark of the GOE theory is population replacement. Advocates of this speculate that early Homo sapiens were a completely different species that did not interbreed with the populations of H. erectus and Neanderthals with whom it came into contact. Instead, they competed with those populations and eventually replaced them.
Two types of data are used in support of the GOE theory. First, archeological investigations show noticeable skeletal differences between Neanderthals, recent Homo erectus populations and the gracile form that is assumed to be our direct ancestor. In parts of Eurasia, the emergence of these fossils also coincides with a marked advancement in technology stretching from Europe to Siberia. The second line of evidence consists of the molecular genetic data. Estimates of the time frame for human origins from these data fit very well with the archeological data.
Essay 4. Mistakes in Evolutionary Thinking: As we discuss human evolution and then evolutionary psychology, it is crucial to keep in mind the interactive nature of the forces of evolution. Amateur evolutionists, as well as many of their critics, often fall into certain errors that can colour and even invalidate conclusions derived from data. In this essay, several of the common mistakes will be pointed out. Evolution is a description of a process that lacks consciousness, intentions, morals, and goals. Tigers do not have stripes because evolution wanted them to blend in against a forested background where the sun highlights one area but leaves an adjacent area in deep shade. Tigers have stripes because at some point in their past striped tigers out reproduced other tigers.
If things had gone differently, tigers may well have had spots like leopards and jaguars. It just happened. Species are a necessary consequence of evolution because of genetic transmission and, in sexual species, because of the requirement that one have the anatomy, physiology, and behaviour to allow successful mating with conspecifics.
What evidence shows the changing from the early hominids to the modern humans? Throughout the human evolution body parts like legs and harms have changed for the better. By the early hominids being biped, meaning they are able to stand and even walk on two feet, it helped them to be able to do more things like getting around more and help with their tool making and hunting. A lot of the fossils discovered were found in the Great Rift Valley in East Africa, which contained many different lakes and small rivers. For many years researchers have been finding new species. These species have been named Australopithicus, robust australopithecines , Orrorin tugenensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, neanderthal, and Homo sapiens.
These early. Human species or in scientific terms know as, Homo Sapiens has evolved drastically in the last couple of billion years. Human evolution all started from our great ancestors, the chimpanzees. Human evolution started all in the continent of Africa. Due to global changes, evolution changed over time. Thus leading to the evolution of mankind. But man didn't just evolve from chimpanzees. There were a lot of scientific processes and different events that led up to final evolution of mankind. But what does it mean humans evolved from chimpanzees? Why is the human evolution such a small speck in the evolution graph of the evolution of the whole earth? These questions that have been asked frequently by curious people has led scientists to dig.
In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology,. This in turn allowed them to consider the context of differing abilities to cope with fluctuating resources, different variables, and overall paths in brain development between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans AMHs. Although Neanderthals did share similar brain sizes comparable to anatomically modern humans AMHs , nevertheless Neanderthals brain cases were elongated and not globular as in Homo Sapiens implying that anatomically modern humans AMHs and Neanderthals reached fairly large brain sizes along dissimilar evolutionary paths.
In their underlying research, they hypothesize that similarly sized brains of both Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans AMHs were ostensibly organized differently for two. Part 2 Explain and evaluate the significance of the evidence given to justify this phylogeny. Using the relationship between jaw bone, size, brain and body weight, etc. As far back as the time when man first discovered ways to communicate with one another he has attempted to understand and explain the course of historical events. In considering the historical development of scientific psychology two main views of the historical progress the field of science have emerged: personalistic theory and naturalistic theory.
Many of the features that distinguish Homo erectus from other hominin species—both earlier and later species—are seen in the skull. The average brain size of Homo erectus is estimated to have been roughly cubic centimeters cc. The size of the Homo erectus brain is negligibly larger than in Homo habilis when it is considered as in relation to body size—i. The absolute in brain size, however, caused changes in the brain case; for instance, the. Paleoanthropologist discover a skeleton of an 8 year old Neanderthals boy recovered from El Sidrón cave in Spain. Based on the skeleton, Dr. The Neander Valley located in Germany is the place known for the first fossil find of Neanderthals; this fossil was found in In addition, the Neanderthals were identified as an earlier human species anticipating the modern day humans Crane-Kramer and Harrison The Neanderthals were living during the last glacial period, which required them to develop particular traits that allowed them to survive in cold weathers.
Compared to the modern human, Neanderthals were shorter and displayed a stockier body shape, which was an evolutionary adaption to the colder envoirment. Neanderthals demonstrated a large brain size of cc; when compared to the modern human it is larger. This is not because they had more intelligence, but instead their brain was in poprotation with their body size. Furthermore, their skull was also larger because of a characteristic specified to Neanderthals called the occipital bun Crane-Kramer and Harrison There is evidence to suggest that Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens had coexisted for approximately , years, Fagan from around 60, years ago to 25, years ago when they finally went extinct Gibbon Anthropologists are still uncertain what the cause of their extinction was.
This paper will analyze three main theories of Neanderthal extinction. The first theory is the competition theory, which claims that the Homo sapiens and Neanderthals had to compete for resources, ultimately leading to their demise. The second theory I will discuss is the climate change theory, which claims that Homo sapiens lived while Neanderthals died because they were better adapted to the climate. The last theory I will discuss is. The body plan of a H. erectus is very much more like that of a living human having a ratio of arm length to leg length. With this change in the body structure it showed that there is a pattern of bipedal locomotion.
It soon became completely committed to terrestrial life by adopting a fully modern. The numbers for endocranial volume measured in centimeters for the mean in Homo Erectus were, For the frontal arc, we really can not say that there is any similar measurement between the three because there are no measurements given to us for the recent humans. There are measurements for the parietal arc, and occipital arc both measured in millimeters. For the parietal arc measurements in Homo Erectus were In the occipital measurements for Homo Erectus, it was One last similar measurement that I am going to mention is the frontal angle with In one last measurement that I am going to mention is the occipital angle measuring There were more measurements but the ones that showed the similarity between them were the ones that were put on here.
The measurements clearly show that they are very close to the homonins in Mid-Pleistocene. We can also see that as evolution occurred, the skull increased in size due to the brain also. The amount of nutrition received is the biggest factor with regard to the change in brain size. Therefore, the sufficient nutrition increased the size of the brain. In result, the increased brain size created advanced cognitive functions. Psychologists have been focused on observing and understanding human behavior for centuries, dating back to the Greek philosophers when psychology and philosophy were considered one. Today, Psychology is the study of human behavior, beginning before birth and lasting until death. It is clear that the observance human behavior is a vast and profound source of data for psychologists.
Early philosophers relied on methods of observation and logic. However, the situation was totally different in the beginning of 20th century when psychology still struggled to be regarded as a separate discipline with practical value Mastering, Psychologists had only begun to be accepted as a science. It was John B. Watson who established the school of Behaviorism and inspired many other psychologists to study patterns of human behavior and their mechanisms. Watson 's contribution to psychology is important not to underestimate; he studied animal and human behavior to come up with a methodology that would give Psychology a respected status among other scientific disciplines.
This essay will focus on the biography and works of John B. Hominids with a brain absolutely and relatively larger than that of the australopithecines appeared about 2. These hominids are classified in our own genus: Homo. The earliest species to appear was the Homo Habilis. It was the first of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools. Essay Topics Writing. Home Page Research Essay on human evolution. Essay on human evolution Good Essays. Open Document. The central purpose of this essay is to critically discuss the importance of understanding human evolution and the history of psychology for the modern psychologist. For the human evolution, the essay will be addressing on how we and other species descended from our ancestors and how the different environment has helped to us to become more adaptable.
Regarding the history of psychology , the essay will be discussing on how psychology branched off from the philosophy approach to become its own science. The essay will then go on discussing how the understanding of both human evolution and history of psychology would be used by modern psychologist. Every story has a beginning and an end. To be able to understand the importance of modern …show more content… They were full bipedal and their brain size and brain patterns evolved by increasing cc. Their diet was mainly meat which might have an influence on their rapid growth of their brains. Tobias The next species to appear were the Homo erectus which might have descended from Homo habilis. They were the first human whose fossils were found outside of Africa. They also had larger brain than the species before them.
Homo sapiens sapiens came after the Homo Neanderthalensis; they are the only human species around. This could have been due to the result of increase brain sizes that allows more cognitive abilities that help them adapt to different environment changes and hence survive. Global evidence have been found of art, music, and culture and advanced tool making. Evidence for this could be explained using the phonological approach by Frank Gall Thomas Wynn wanted to find the link between archaeology and psychology. Get Access. Good Essays. The History of Hominid Evolution Essay Words 5 Pages 1 Works Cited.
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Human Evolution: Short Essay on Human Evolution,Categories
WebHuman Evolution. Evolution is the complexity of processes by which living organisms established on earth and have been expanded and modified through theorized changes WebFor the human evolution, the essay will be addressing on how we and other species descended from our ancestors and how the different environment has helped to us to WebEssay on the Mistakes in Evolutionary Thinking. Essay # 1. Introduction to Human Evolution: The discovery of new fossils, the sequencing of the human genome, and the WebHuman evolution is the biological and cultural development of humans. A human isany member of the species Homo sapiens, meaning wise man. Since at leastthe Upper WebOne of America’s most celebrated scientists and writer, Edward O. Wilson, in his passage, The Fitness of Human Nature, demonstrates that genes and culture connect to the WebHumans have existed on Earth for approximately million years. The oldest known human ancestor is "Lucy," an Australopithecus. Over this extensive period of time, ... read more
Hantaviruses: genome structure, expression and evolution. The Homo Correctus Brain. Let us write you an essay from scratch Receive Paper In 3 Hours. Bipedalism is the condition of using two feet for standing and walking. Thus leading to the evolution of mankind. Other evolutionary trends continued—the protruding jaw receded a bit, teeth became smaller, and height increased.
Evolution alters the genetically acquired ways of growing and developing that characterizes a given populace individuals of the same species occupying a given habitat. Homo erectus was also a taller, with an evenly face and smaller tooth. Proteins consist of essential nutrients necessary for the body of mammals. When the pelican spots a fish or a school of small fishes, it goes into an abrupt dive and crashes into the water, attempting to scoop up the prey in its pouch. Regarding the history of psychologythe essay on human evolution will be discussing on how psychology branched off from the philosophy approach to become its own science. Human And Human Evolutions : The Evolution Of Humans, essay on human evolution.
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